Nanobots may become the safest and most effective detoxification method in the future
According to foreign media reports, engineers at the University of California, San Diego have developed miniature, ultrasonically-powered nanobots that can swim in blood and remove harmful pathogens and toxins they produce. This concept proves that nanobots may become the safest and most effective detoxification method in the future.
It is understood that this new type of nano-robot is made of a mixture of platelets and red blood cell membranes coated with gold nanowires. This hybrid biofilm allows the nanobots to perform two different cell tasks at a time - combining MRSA bacteria (a The platelets resistant to Staphylococcus aureus) and red blood cells that absorb the toxins produced by these bacteria.
The gold nanowires in the nanobots respond to ultrasound, which allows them to swim quickly without chemical fuels. This mobility helps the nanobots to efficiently mix the targets (bacteria and toxins) in the blood and accelerate detoxification.
Color SEM image of nanoplate robot coated with mixed platelet/erythrocyte membrane
The research results were published in the May 30 issue of the journal Science Robotics, combining the advanced technologies of Joseph Wang and Liangfang Zhang, professors of the Department of Nanoengineering at the University of California Jacob Jacobs School of Engineering. Wang's team developed ultrasound-driven nanobots, and Zhang's team invented a technique that encapsulates nanoparticles in natural cell membranes.
Wang said, “By integrating the natural cell coating into artificial nanomachines, we can give micro-robots new capabilities, such as removing pathogens and toxins from the body and other substrates. This is a conceptual platform for different Treatment and biological detoxification applications."
The author of the paper's co-first author, Berta Esteban-Fernández deávila, a postdoctoral researcher at the University of California, San Diego Group, said, "Our idea is to create multifunctional nanobots that can perform many different tasks at the same time. The combination of platelets and red blood cell membranes Each nanorobot coating is synergistic, platelets target bacteria, and red blood cells target and neutralize toxins produced by these bacteria."
The coating also protects the nanobots from biological contamination when proteins accumulate on the surface of foreign bodies and prevent them from working properly.
Researchers made hybrid coatings by first separating the entire membrane from platelets and red blood cells. Then, they applied high-frequency sound waves to fuse the films together. Because the membranes are taken from actual cells, they contain all of the original cell surface protein functions. In order to make nanobots, the researchers used a special surface chemistry method to apply a hybrid film to gold nanowires.
The width of nano-robots is about one-fifth of the width of human hair. They can be driven by ultrasound at speeds up to 35 meters per second. In the experiment, researchers used nanobots to treat MRSA and its toxin-contaminated blood samples. After five minutes, these blood samples were three times less bacteria and toxins than untreated samples.
The study is still in its early stages. The researchers pointed out that their ultimate goal is not to manufacture nano-robots that specifically treat MRSA infections, but rather to use nanobots for more extensive biological detoxification. The researchers also said that the team's future work also includes living animal experiments, and try to use biodegradable materials to create nano-robots to replace the current gold nanowires.
USB4 specifies tunneling of:
USB 3.2 ("Enhanced Superspeed") Tunneling
DisplayPort 1.4a -based Tunneling
PCI Express (PCIe)-based Tunneling
Main Benefits of USB 4
The new USB 4 standard has three main benefits over prior versions of USB.
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DisplayPort Alt Mode 2.0: USB 4 supports DisplayPort 2.0 over its alternative mode. DisplayPort 2.0 can support 8K resolution at 60 Hz with HDR10 color. DisplayPort 2.0 can use up to 80 Gbps, which is double the amount available to USB data, because it sends all the data in one direction (to the monitor) and can thus use all eight data lanes at once.
Better Resource Allocation for Video, PCIe: In lieu of alternative mode where the other interface takes over the connection, USB 4 devices can use a process called "protocol tunneling" that sends DisplayPort, PCIe and USB packets at the same time while allocating bandwidth accordingly.
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