In addition to being more durable, more comfortable and quiet, how to make the tires expressive and smarter has always been the direction of tire manufacturers.
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The theme of tire development in the 21st century will be humanization, which includes intelligent convenience and green safety. In the past 10 years, large tire manufacturers led by Michelin have developed a variety of smart tire technologies and products. Tire intelligence is more than just tires. A revolution of its own will also lead to changes in tire manufacturing process technology and production equipment. Let the tires be more intelligent and humans will be safer.
Classification of smart tires
Smart tires are tires that collect and transmit all the information about their environment and make the right judgments and treatments.
The first kind of intelligence: tire inflation internal pressure monitoring. Tire underpressure is a major hidden danger of traffic safety. Michelin's recent investigation report shows that 25% of commercial vehicle failures are due to tires, and 85% of them are due to chronic leakage of tires. Due to the gas. The statistics of the US traffic management department in 2001 also showed that more than two-thirds of the cars have different degrees of under-pressure of the tires. According to data from the British traffic management department, traffic accidents caused by under-pressure of tires account for all traffic accidents. 6%. In addition, experience has shown that if the rated internal pressure of the tire is 700 kPa, under-pressure will result in a 2% increase in rolling resistance. For a typical drive shaft tire, the fuel consumption is increased by 0.5% and the wear rate is increased by 5%. Long-term tire running under underpressure will damage the structural integrity of the tire and the refurbished carcass. Monitor the internal pressure of the tire and keep it in good condition. It should be the first time that the smart tire has all the functions of ordinary tires. The intelligent function can achieve the above purpose by installing the tire inflation internal pressure monitoring device.
The second kind of intelligence: history traceability record. The so-called process traceability record requires that the tires be formed at every stage of the manufacturing-factory-use (including repair, refurbishment)-disposal process, and can be filed at any time. Check out.
The US Federal Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and the American Automotive Industry Legislation Group (AIAG) are currently developing new standards. In the corresponding new standards, Tire Tracking Capability Standards and Tire History Traceability Recording Standards, The traceability record will include: the identity of the tire, ie the tire brand, production serial number, DOT code, production site, production date; tire household registration, ie loading information, usually including the car spindle number, rim number; tire The use data, that is, the temperature of the tires during the previous trip, the inflation internal pressure, speed, force, deformation and other data as well as previous renovations, repairs; tire scrapping information, that is, the reason for scrapping, scrap date. Seeking to achieve traceability of the process The approach, currently seen in the literature, is to attach an RFID (radio frequency identification) card to the tire. The FID card is a computer-enabled micro-card sensor that contains everything from information gathering, information processing to information transmission. All parts.
The third kind of intelligence: automatic replenishment of tire inflation internal pressure. Equipped with vehicle air pump can replenish tire inflation internal pressure in time. Once the tire leaks, the tire inflation internal pressure monitoring device will issue an alarm, and the onboard computer will start the vehicle air pump, and the vehicle air pump will be applied to the tire. The inner cavity is filled with gas to restore the tire to a reasonable inflation internal pressure.
The fourth kind of intelligence: tire temperature monitoring. The tire gradually rises in temperature during heating, and the high temperature accelerates the degradation of rubber, cord and other high polymers, resulting in shortened tire service life. The tire temperature monitoring system consists of two parts. Composition: a miniature sensor implanted in the tire carcass, which is responsible for detecting and transmitting tire temperature data; a receiver/data reader installed in the cab of the car, responsible for receiving and displaying data.
The fifth kind of intelligence: other parameter monitoring. For example, monitoring the dynamic mechanical conditions of the tire's force, deformation, etc., providing data to the car's automatic driving system.
Variety of smart tires
Only one of the above five kinds of intelligence is qualified to be called a smart tire. Most of the smart tires that have been developed at this stage have already had the above two or more functions.
Talking tires: Unisteel smart tires. Unisteel smart tires launched by Goodyear automatically whistle when the following conditions occur: tire pressure exceeds or falls below the set value; tire temperature exceeds the set value; someone steals the tire. This kind of tire will enable the driver to know the condition of the tire at any time, maintain it in time and extend the service life of the tire.
Tires with black tweezer: MEMS tires. Launched by Michelin Tire North America under Michelin. MEMS technology was first applied to large truck tires and earthmoving machinery tires after successful development, because these two tires cost more and need to be doubled. At present, MEMS technology has been popularized to various types of tires, and the practice has proved that the applicability of the technology is good.
Magnetic tire: CGT smart tire system. Launched by Continental General Tire Company of Continental Corporation. CGT smart tire system consists of three parts: magnetized tire; sidewall torque sensor; vehicle electronic control system. Its working principle is tire The side rubber compound is doped with metal powder. When the tire rotates, the rubber material is alternately magnetized to form a positive, negative electrode. The force/deformation of the tire is converted into a measurable signal and captured by the sensor and transmitted to the electronic monitor, which is converted into data by the onboard computer. , used in car dynamic control.
Tires with electronic ID cards: RFID tires. Launched by Michelin Tire North America under Michelin. RFID tires differ from ordinary tires in that they are equipped with an RFID card in the sidewall, which is first written in the tire manufacturer. The date of production, the name of the manufacturer, etc., and then write the car identification number on the assembly line of the automobile manufacturer. This can reduce the scope of the recall once the tire has quality problems. At present, only the Michelin family can produce RFID tires in batches. Hundreds of RFID tires have been installed in urban taxis and began an 18-month trial in January this year. Michelin intends to bring RFID tires to the market as an option for the 2005 model.
Tires with mobile phone remote control: ITT smart tires. Launched by Finnish Nokia Tire Company. The basic components of ITT smart tires have two parts: miniature lightweight sensors; receiving devices. It has two major differences: as a monitoring device and a signal transmitting device. Multiple sensors are not buried in the tire during the tire manufacturing process, but are placed on the rim by sticking/binding; the signal receiving device is a normal mobile phone. The significance is that as long as the ITT is installed on the rim, any ordinary tire can Upgraded to smart tires, it is the simplest smart tire ever configured.
Future prospects
Industry insiders have been talking about smart tires for more than 10 years. During this period, Goodyear smart tires have been used in North America, Europe for nearly 4 years, and the total trial mileage is more than 50 million kilometers. The new NHTSA and AIAG standards are currently being developed. Promoting the promotion of smart tires is undoubtedly the gospel.
At the same time, tire intelligentization will definitely put forward new requirements for tire manufacturing tooling equipment. For example, Michelin RFID tires, molding equipment must complete the embedding of intelligent components, vulcanization equipment must be adapted to the solid seal of smart parts; Continental General CGT smart tires, mixing, Extrusion, vulcanization equipment must meet the process requirements of magnetized rubber compound. This is closely related to the rubber machinery industry.
Undoubtedly, the world's major tire companies will strive to get the cooperation and assistance of automobile manufacturers and electronic device manufacturers through various channels, so that the smart tire technology can be combined with other advanced software and hardware technologies in other industries. Safety, green (environmental protection), intelligent in one.
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