Developed ultra-efficient organic light-emitting diodes
German scientists have developed a new type of organic light-emitting diode (OLED) that produces white light that rivals incandescent bulbs and is even more energy efficient than fluorescent lamps. The research leader, Sebastian Reneco of the German Institute of Applied Optics, said the OLED prototype may be an ultra-efficient source of light for displays and general illumination, and their long-term goal is to take advantage of traditional Low cost tape and tape printing to assemble these devices.
In recent years, many countries have sought to convert incandescent lighting into compact fluorescent lamps because the latter can save more energy. For the same reason, the use of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in displays and general lighting has also gained popularity. However, whether it is fluorescent or LED lighting, the quality of white light produced by it has to be improved. Fluorescent lamps can be uncomfortable because of the lack of red light, and most white LEDs currently on the market will have some blue color, which makes people feel a bit cold.
In contrast, OLEDs are made from a wide variety of materials and it is relatively easy to obtain high quality white light. As far as OLEDs are concerned, the problem they face has not always been white light quality, but their energy efficiency. The energy efficiency of fluorescent lamps is about 60 lumens to 70 lumens per watt. The energy efficiency of incandescent lamps is about 10 lumens to 17 lumens per watt. So far, the maximum reported energy efficiency of OLEDs is 44 lumens per watt.
In the latest issue of Nature, Reneco and colleagues report an OLED structure design with an energy efficiency of up to 90 lumens per watt, with a maximum energy efficiency of up to 124 lumens per watt.
Researchers have improved and improved the OLED design process. On the one hand, they dope the organic material that connects the luminescent material to its metal contacts, thereby reducing its operating voltage. On the other hand, they use glass that is more optically compatible with the device substrate to make the outer surface of the device. In a conventional structure, approximately 80% of the light is lost.
The most novel aspect of this OLED is the organization of different luminescent materials inside the device. Three materials were used to emit blue, green, and red light, respectively, with a host matrix material in between.è¯€çª is the choice of a matrix material with a high "spin state" that matches the blue light and is interposed between the green and red materials as part of the separated host matrix material. This means that any electron-hole pair (exciton) that escapes from a red or green material will pass through the blue light material, increasing the chance of conversion to photons.
However, the main drawback of this new type of OLED is still its lifetime. Although companies such as Philips have been able to produce OLEDs with the same lifetime as fluorescent lamps (more than 10,000 hours), materials with higher performance often do not last as long. At present, the lifetime of Reneco's OLED devices can only be as short as a few hours.
What is 5G CPE?
Definition of 5G CPE
CPE stands for Customer Premise Equipment. The so-called front end refers to the equipment in front of the customer's terminal equipment. When we use Wi-Fi, if the distance is far, or there are more rooms, it is easy to appear signal blind spots, resulting in mobile phones or ipads or computers can not receive Wi-Fi signals. The CPE can relay the Wi-Fi signal twice to extend the coverage of Wi-Fi.
What are the benefits of CPE?
Through the following comparison table, it is not difficult to understand the technical advantages of CPE products:
* Currently, the global 5G FWA service is mainly in the Sub-6GHz band, with only the United States and Italy supporting the millimeter wave band.
* 5G CPE integrates the low cost of Wi-Fi and the large bandwidth of 5G, combining the advantages of the two to form a strong complement to traditional fiber broadband.
The relationship between 5G, FWA and CPE
It can be said that FWA (Fixed Wireless Access) will be the most down-to-earth application of 5G technology. FWA business plays a key role in enabling "connecting the unconnected." FWA is a low-cost, easy-to-deploy flexible broadband solution. Compared with wired access technology, FWA has been an ideal choice for deploying broadband in many countries and regions because it does not need to obtain rights of way, dig trenches and bury cables, and drill holes through walls. The development of 5G technology is further promoting the development of FWA.
FWA services (including 4G and 5G) have reached 100 million users. FWA is no longer a niche service; The FWA industry as a whole has been supported by numerous suppliers. Why is that? In the 5G era, 5G CPE receives 5G signals from operator base stations and then converts them into Wi-Fi signals or wired signals to allow more local devices to get online. For operators, the initial user penetration rate of 5G is low, and the investment is difficult to realize quickly; The CPE business can use the idle network to increase revenue for operators, so major operators vigorously promote the development of 5G CPE.
FWA services can be used for both home (To C) and business (To B), and customers have different requirements for CPE devices when using FWA services in different application environments, resulting in consumer grade 5G CPE and industrial grade 5G CPE (similar to home routers and industrial routers).
In 2020, the global market size of 5G CPE will reach 3 million units, and it is expected that in the next five years, the market size of 5G CPE will maintain a compound growth rate of more than 100%, reaching 120 million units in 2025, with a market value of 60 billion yuan. As an important market for 5G CPE, China's 5G CPE market size will reach 1.5 million units in 2020 and is expected to reach 80 million units in 2025, with a market value of 27 billion yuan.
The difference between 5G CPE and other devices
CPE can support a large number of mobile terminals that access the Internet at the same time, and the device can be directly inserted with a SIM card to receive mobile signals. CPE can be widely used in rural areas, cities, hospitals, units, factories, communities and other wireless network access, can save the cost of laying wired networks.
A Router is a hardware device that connects two or more networks, acts as a gateway between networks, and is the main node device of the Internet. Routers use routes to determine the forwarding of data. If it is a home router, it does not support a SIM card slot, and can only receive signals by connecting to optical fiber or cable and then convert it into WI-FI to provide a certain number (several) of terminal devices to surf the Internet.
Industrial 5G CPE is equivalent to 5G industrial routers, and the technology of the two is not very different. On the one hand, the industrial 5G CPE converts 5G network signals into WiFi signals for transmission, and on the other hand, the data received by the WiFi network is converted into 5G network signals for uploading. In addition, industrial 5G CPE generally supports routing functions.
5G CPE trends
According to a research report, after evaluating the products of some mainstream 5G CPE suppliers, many institutions believe that the development of 5G CPE products will continue in two aspects: one is to support mmWave and Sub-6 GHz at the same time; Second, the design will pay attention to humanized operation and installation. The industry development trend will accelerate the demand for 5G in the medical, education and manufacturing industries due to the epidemic, and 5G FWA will promote global 5G CPE shipments.
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