Photovoltaic cells are fabricated using the photovoltaic effect of semiconductor materials. The so-called photovoltaic effect refers to a phenomenon in which a semiconductor material absorbs light energy, and an electron-hole pair is excited by photons, and an electromotive force is generated by separation. The IV characteristics of the photovoltaic cell vary with the sunshine intensity S (W/m2) and the battery temperature t (°C), i.e., I = f (V, S, t). According to electronics theory, when the load is pure resistance, the actual equivalent circuit of the photovoltaic cell is shown in the figure.
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