Detailed analysis of the advantages and disadvantages and applications of 10 common positioning technologies in the Internet of Things
The era of the Internet of Everything is also an era when data is king. However, in many cases, the absence of corresponding location information means that the data is "disorganized", and the usable value will be greatly reduced. With the vigorous development of the Internet of Things industry in the past two years, the demand for positioning technology in various Internet of Things application scenarios has also greatly increased. The following is an introduction to several indoor and outdoor positioning technologies.
1. Radio frequency identification indoor positioning technology
Radio frequency identification indoor positioning technology uses radio frequency. A fixed antenna modulates the radio signal into an electromagnetic field. The tag attached to the article generates an induced current after passing through the magnetic field to transmit the data. The data is exchanged by multiple pairs of two-way communications to achieve the purpose of identification and triangulation.
Radio frequency identification indoor positioning technology has a very short range, but it can obtain centimeter-level positioning accuracy information within a few milliseconds, and due to the advantages of electromagnetic fields such as non-line-of-sight, the transmission range is large, and the size of the identifier is relatively small and the cost is relatively low. However, it does not have communication capabilities, has poor anti-interference capabilities, is not easy to integrate into other systems, and the user's security and privacy protection and international standardization are not perfect.
RFID indoor positioning has been widely used in warehouses, factories, and shopping malls to locate goods and commodities.
2. Wi-Fi indoor positioning technology
There are two kinds of Wi-Fi positioning technologies. One is to triangulate people and vehicles more accurately through the use of the wireless signal strength of mobile devices and three wireless network access points through differential algorithms. The other is to record the signal strength of a huge number of determined location points in advance, and determine the location by comparing the signal strength of the newly added device with a database with huge amounts of data.
Wi-Fi positioning can achieve complex and large-scale positioning, monitoring, and tracking tasks in a wide range of application areas. The overall accuracy is relatively high, but the accuracy for indoor positioning can only reach about 2 meters, and precise positioning cannot be achieved. Due to the popularity of Wi-Fi routers and mobile terminals, the positioning system can share the network with other customers, the hardware cost is very low, and the Wi-Fi positioning system can reduce the possibility of radio frequency (RF) interference.
Wi-Fi positioning is suitable for positioning and navigation of people or vehicles, and can be used in various occasions that require positioning and navigation such as medical institutions, theme parks, factories, and shopping malls.
3. Ultra-wideband (UWB) positioning technology
Ultra-wideband technology is a brand-new wireless communication technology that is very different from traditional communication technology in recent years. It does not need to use the carrier wave in the traditional communication system, but transmits data by sending and receiving extremely narrow pulses below the order of nanoseconds or microseconds, thus having a bandwidth of the order of 3.1 to 10.6 GHz. At present, countries including the United States, Japan, Canada, etc. are studying this technology, which has a good prospect in the field of wireless indoor positioning.
UWB technology is a wireless technology with high transmission rate, low transmission power, strong penetrating ability and based on extremely narrow pulse, without carrier. It is these advantages that make it obtain more accurate results in the field of indoor positioning.
Ultra-wideband indoor positioning technology often uses TDOA to demonstrate the ranging positioning algorithm. The ultra-wideband system for positioning through hyperbolic intersections through the time difference of signal arrival includes radio systems that generate, transmit, receive, and process extremely narrow pulse signals. The ultra-wideband indoor positioning system includes UWB receivers, UWB reference tags and active UWB tags. During the positioning process, the UWB receiver receives the UWB signal emitted by the tag, and obtains a signal containing effective information by filtering various noise interferences during the electromagnetic wave transmission process, and then performs distance measurement and positioning calculation analysis through the central processing unit.
Ultra-wideband can be used for precise indoor positioning, such as location discovery of soldiers on the battlefield, robot movement tracking, etc. Compared with the traditional narrowband system, the ultra-wideband system has the advantages of strong penetration, low power consumption, good anti-interference effect, high security, low system complexity, and accurate positioning accuracy. Therefore, the ultra-wideband technology can be applied to the positioning, tracking and navigation of indoor stationary or moving objects and people, and can provide very precise positioning accuracy. According to different technical methods or algorithms used by different companies, the accuracy can be maintained between 0.1 m and 0.5 m.
4. Geomagnetic positioning technology
The earth can be regarded as a magnetic dipole, with one pole located near the geographic north pole and the other pole located near the geographic south pole. The earth's magnetic field includes two parts: a basic magnetic field and a changing magnetic field. The basic magnetic field is the main part of the geomagnetic field. It originates from the inside of the earth and is relatively stable. It belongs to the static magnetic field. The changing magnetic field includes various short-term changes in the geomagnetic field, which mainly originate in the earth's interior and are relatively weak.
The reinforced concrete structure of modern buildings will disturb the geomagnetism in a local area, and the compass may also be affected by this. In principle, a non-uniform magnetic field environment will produce different magnetic field observation results due to different paths. And this positioning technology, called IndoorAtlas, uses this variation of geomagnetism indoors for indoor navigation, and the navigation accuracy can reach 0.1m to 2m.
However, the process of using this technology for navigation is still slightly troublesome. You need to upload the indoor floor plan to the map cloud provided by IndoorAtlas, and then you need to use its mobile client to record the geomagnetic field in different directions at the target location on the spot. The recorded geomagnetic data will be uploaded to the cloud by the client, so that other people can use the recorded geomagnetism for accurate indoor navigation.
Baidu strategically invested in IndoorAtlas, a developer of geomagnetic positioning technology in 2014, and in June 2015 announced the use of its geomagnetic positioning technology in its own map applications, using this technology in conjunction with Wi-Fi hotspot maps and inertial navigation technology. High accuracy, it can reach the meter-level positioning standard in commercial applications, but the magnetic signal is easily interfered by the constantly changing electric and magnetic signal sources in the environment, the positioning result is unstable, and the accuracy will be affected.
5. Ultrasonic positioning technology
Ultrasonic positioning technology sends out ultrasonic signals that can be detected by the terminal microphone by installing multiple ultrasonic speakers indoors. Through the difference in arrival time of different sound waves, the location of the terminal can be inferred.
Since the transmission speed of sound waves is much lower than that of electromagnetic waves, the system is very difficult to implement, and the wireless synchronization of the system can be realized very simply, and then sent by an ultrasonic transmitter, and the receiving end can be received by a microphone, and the position can be calculated by itself.
Since the speed of the sound wave is relatively low, it takes a long time to transmit the same content, and only through a TDoA-like method can a larger system capacity be obtained.
6. ZigBee indoor positioning technology
This technology forms a network between a number of blind nodes to be located and a reference node with a known location and the gateway, and each tiny blind node coordinates communication with each other to achieve all positioning.
ZigBee is an emerging short-distance, low-rate wireless network technology. These sensors require very little energy and transmit data from one node to another through radio waves in a relay manner, as a low power consumption and low cost. The communication system of ZigBee is very efficient. However, ZigBee's signal transmission is greatly affected by multipath effects and movement, and the positioning accuracy depends on the physical quality of the channel, the density of the signal source, the environment and the accuracy of the algorithm, resulting in a higher cost of positioning software and a lot of room for improvement. .
ZigBee indoor positioning has been adopted by many large factories and workshops as personnel on-the-job management systems.
7. Infrared positioning technology
Infrared is an electromagnetic wave with a wavelength between radio waves and visible light waves. The principle of infrared indoor positioning technology positioning is that infrared markers emit modulated infrared rays, which are received by optical sensors installed indoors for positioning. Although infrared rays have relatively high indoor positioning accuracy, because light cannot pass through obstacles, infrared rays can only travel through the line of sight. The two major shortcomings of straight line of sight and short transmission distance make the indoor positioning effect very poor. When the logo is placed in a pocket or there is a wall or other shielding, it cannot work normally. It is necessary to install a receiving antenna in each room and corridor, which is expensive. Therefore, infrared rays are only suitable for short-distance transmission, and are easily interfered by fluorescent lights or lights in the room, and have limitations in precise positioning.
Activebadges, a typical infrared indoor positioning system, attaches an electronic mark to the object to be measured. This identification periodically sends the unique ID of the object to be measured to an infrared receiver fixedly placed indoors through an infrared transmitter, and the receiver transmits the data to it through a wired network. database. This positioning technology consumes a lot of power and is often blocked by indoor walls or objects, and has low practicability. If the infrared and ultrasonic technology are combined, the positioning function can also be easily realized. Use infrared to trigger the positioning signal to make the ultrasonic transmitter of the reference point emit ultrasonic waves to the point to be measured, apply the basic TOA algorithm, and use the timer to find the distance. On the one hand, it reduces power consumption, and on the other hand, it avoids the short transmission distance of ultrasonic reflective positioning technology. Makes the advantages of infrared technology and ultrasonic technology complementary.
8. Bluetooth positioning technology
Bluetooth technology locates by measuring signal strength. This is a short-distance and low-power wireless transmission technology. Install an appropriate Bluetooth LAN access point indoors, configure the network as a multi-user-based basic network connection mode, and ensure that the Bluetooth LAN access point is always this piconet (piconet) master device, you can get the user's location information.
Bluetooth technology is mainly used for positioning in small areas, such as single-story halls or warehouses. The biggest advantage of Bluetooth indoor positioning technology is that the device is small in size and easy to integrate in PDAs, PCs and mobile phones, so it is easy to popularize. Theoretically, for users who have mobile terminal devices with integrated Bluetooth functions, as long as the device's Bluetooth function is turned on, the Bluetooth indoor positioning system can determine its location. When this technology is used for indoor short-distance positioning, it is easy to find the equipment and the signal transmission is not affected by the line-of-sight. According to different technical methods or algorithms used by different companies, the accuracy can be maintained at 3 m~15 m.
9. Positioning technologies such as GPS and Beidou satellites
Beidou satellite positioning is independently developed by China and uses geostationary satellites to provide users with an all-weather, regional satellite positioning system. It can quickly determine the target or the geographic location of the user, and provide navigation information to the user and the competent authority.
Beidou satellite navigation system played an important role in the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake disaster relief. In the case of severe damage to local communication facilities, the Beidou satellite system is used to achieve communication between various points and various departments, and accurately determine the location of various disaster relief troops, so that new rescue tasks can be issued in time according to the disaster situation.
At this stage, Beidou satellites are relatively few used in civil affairs, and Beidou mobile phones and Beidou car navigation can also be seen on the market.
10. Base station positioning technology
Base station positioning is generally applied to mobile phone users. Mobile base station positioning service is also called Mobile Location Service (LBS-Location Based Service). It obtains the location information (latitude and longitude coordinates) of mobile terminal users through the telecom mobile operator's network (such as GSM network) ), with the support of the electronic map platform, a value-added service that provides users with corresponding services, such as the dynamic location query service currently provided by China Mobile Dynamic Zone.
Since GPS positioning consumes more electricity, base station positioning is a common function of GPS equipment. However, the positioning accuracy of the base station is relatively low, generally ranging from 100 meters to 2000 meters.
In addition to the above, there are dozens or even hundreds of types of positioning technologies, and each positioning technology has its own advantages and disadvantages and suitable application scenarios. What kind of technology will ultimately win is still unknown, and it remains to be tested by the time of application of the entire industry.
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