Take you to learn more about the working principle of the most threatened phased array radar in the Sade system
The Sade anti-missile system, also known as THAAD, is an end-to-end high-altitude defense missile. It is an end-of-pipe defense system developed by the U.S. Army that intercepts short-range and medium-range ballistic missiles. As a communications king, I am more concerned with the radar system used to detect and track the target. This is the AN/TPY-2 phased-array radar called the Sade system's eye. Some people think that the biggest threat to China is the phased array radar.
The composition and working principle of SadeThe Sade system consists of four major components: 1 radar, 2 fire control systems, 3 launch vehicles, and 4 interceptors.
The working principle is divided into four major steps:
1) The radar detected the missile attack.
2) The command and fire control system confirms and locks the target.
3) The launch vehicle launches the interceptor.
4) Intercept missiles destroy the incoming missiles in the air.
The Sade system has two main core components: interceptor and radar systems.
As a communications king, I am more concerned with the radar system used to detect and track the target. This is the AN/TPY-2 phased-array radar called the Sade system's eye. Some people think that the biggest threat to China is the phased array radar.
The so-called phased array radar adopts the phased array antenna technology and is also the technology adopted by 4.5G Massive MIMO as one of the civilians. At the same time, the future 5G phased array base station will become the mainstream.
AN/TPY-2 Radar System
The AN/TPY-2 radar system operates in the X-band (9.5 GHz), has an antenna array area of ​​9.2 square meters, and has 25344 (some say 30464) antenna units installed and uses a Digital Beam Forming (DBF) processor. Azimuth mechanical rotation range -178 ° ~ +178 °, pitch angle mechanical rotation range 0 ° ~ 90 °, but the antenna's sweep range, pitch angle and azimuth are 0 ° ~ 50 °.
AN/TPY-2 can realize multi-tasks such as detection, search, tracking, and target recognition. According to related reports, the detection distance is up to 2,000 kilometers, and basically half of China is covered by it. under. It uses a narrow beam, said that it can accurately assess the expected position of the target warhead, and identify pseudo warheads.
The composition of AN/TPY-2 radar system is mainly divided into the following five parts:
1) phased array antenna
2) Electronic Equipment Unit (car)
3) 1 megawatt main power unit (car)
4) Cooling equipment unit (vehicle), mainly to provide cooling for the antenna array
5) Operate control car, built-in operation console for maintenance, operation and communication monitoring (use own power supply system)
AN/TPY-2 Radar
Phased array antenna equipment
AN/TPY-2 radar system composition
The electronic equipment vehicle is a kind of modular and integrated trailer. The car box is equipped with a closed protection cover with nuclear biochemical protection capabilities and environmental control devices. The main equipments are: 2 VAX7000 computers for data processing, 4 MP2 large-scale parallel signal processors, and receivers/exciters, detection target generators, and high-speed recorders. The MP2 processor is the first military application of a massively parallel processing technology for spectrum analysis, pulse compression and continuous detection, as well as preliminary image processing of digital radar echo samples from a receiver. The VAX7000 computer is responsible for the calculation of actual combat tasks, data processing before and after the mission.
The power supply unit consists of an internal combustion engine, an alternator, a control panel, and a transfer switch and can provide 1.1 megawatts of power.
The cooling equipment vehicle is a closed trailer with a length of 12 meters and a weight of 16.3 tons. The vehicle is equipped with a liquid cooling device for cooling the antenna and a device for distributing power to the antenna and the electronic device.
Cooling equipment unit
AN/TPY-2 Radar and Cooling Equipment Unit
The operation control car is a separate system that ensures that the operator monitors radar tracking effects and communicates with the outside, with an independent power system. Its capabilities can be incorporated into radar systems when deployed.
Communication links between systems use fiber optic data links. A total of 2.1 MW of power is required to operate the entire system and components.
Operation control car
Internal operation console
Operation control car internal structure
InterceptorThe Sade system intercepts a missile with a length of 6.17 meters, a maximum elastic diameter of 0.37 meters, a takeoff weight of 900 kilograms, and a maximum speed of 2500 meters per second. It is mainly composed of a booster, a Kill Vehicle and a fairing. composition.
The composition of the Sade interceptor
Sade interceptor
The extended-range THAAD interceptor (THAAD ER) is an improvement of the prototype "Sade" system. The booster has been improved to two levels, so that after boosting the missile to a greater speed, excess mass can be thrown off. So that the killer to get a larger initial velocity and mobility.
As the THAAD ER interceptor's diameter increased and its weight increased, so the launcher was redesigned. A previous launcher could carry 8 interceptor missiles, which is now reduced to 6 but can be increased by increasing the number of launchers. make up.
Therefore, the composition of the entire Sade system is as follows:
As a communicator, naturally the most interested is Sade's AN/TPY-2 phased array antenna system.
Just now, the 5G will use phased array antenna technology in the future. In fact, the phased array antenna system has been widely used by civilians, including the well-known MIMO antenna, radar system for forecasting weather and ensuring aviation safety.
Phased array technology was first applied to the military. In the 1960s, the most typical was the American AN/FPS-85 and the Soviet Union’s “kennel†for detecting, tracking, and recognizing rapidly moving air targets. Missiles are used for early warning, orbit measurement, and cataloging of satellites.
AN/FPS-85
Later, with the increase in civilian flights, in order to better conduct air traffic control and integrate some old radar infrastructure, people began to develop multi-function phased array radar (MPAR) systems and quickly prototype. This is probably one of the reasons why phased array radar technology is widely used in civilian applications.
MPAR concept
Phased array antenna technology is one of the key technologies of 5G wireless, such as Massive MIMO technology, which controls the phase and signal amplitude of the transmitted (or received) signal of each antenna element of tens to hundreds of antenna arrays through a high-performance DSP. Dozens of spatial beams with high directivity.
Or, how does the phased array antenna generate a beam with concentrated energy and point this beam precisely to the target (terminal)?
The phased array antenna array consists of many radiating elements and receiving elements (called array elements). The number of elements ranges from a few hundred to tens of thousands. These units are regularly arranged on the plane to form an array antenna.
Phased array antenna visual simulation
Using the principle of coherence of electromagnetic waves, the phase of the current fed to each radiating element can be controlled by a computer, and the direction of the beam can be changed for scanning. Therefore, it is called an electro-scan. The radiating unit sends the received echo signal to the host to complete the radar's search, tracking and measurement of the target.
Phased array antenna visual presentation, the left side of the array, the right side of the beam
In addition to the antenna element, each antenna element has necessary components such as a phase shifter. Different vibrators can be fed with different phase currents through the phase shifter to radiate different directional beams in space. The greater the number of elements of the antenna, the greater the possible orientation of the beam in space. This working principle is phase-controllable array antenna, "phased array" hence its name.
As shown in the figure below, the upper and lower radiating elements are fed in the same phase, the signal is amplified by the main direction of constructive interference (comstrutic interference), and the beam size is improved by destructive interference.
In the following, we will shift the upper radiating element by 22 degrees from the radiating element below, and we can see the main direction of the transmitted signal moving slightly upwards (as shown below).
(Note: The two figures above do not consider the reflector, so the back lobe of the antenna diagram is as large as the main lobe)
Beam deflection animation
The advantages of phased array antennas:
(1) Under the control of the computer, the beam pointing is flexible, it can achieve fast scanning without inertia, and the data rate is high;
(2) A single radar can simultaneously form multiple independent beams to implement multiple functions such as search, identification, tracking, guidance, and passive detection;
(3) Large target capacity can monitor and track hundreds of targets simultaneously in the airspace;
(4) Strong adaptability to complex target environments;
(5) Good anti-interference performance. The all-solid phased array radar has high reliability and can work normally even if a small number of components fail.
Disadvantages:
Complex structure (processor and phase shifter), high cost, and limited beam scanning range, the maximum scan angle is 90 ° ~ 120 °. When all-round monitoring is required, three to four antenna arrays need to be configured.
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